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Criminal Justice and Behavior, Vol. 31, No. 6, 717-733 (2004)
DOI: 10.1177/0093854804268755
© 2004 International Association for Correctional and Forensic Psychology

The Measures of Criminal Attitudes and Associates (MCAA)

The Prediction of General and Violent Recidivism

Jeremy F. Mills

Bath Institution, Bath, Ontario, and Carleton University, Ottawa, Ontario, MillsJF{at}csc-scc.gc.ca

Daryl G. Kroner

Pittsburgh Institution, Kingston, Ontario

Toni Hemmati

Bath Institution

Recent research has demonstrated that antisocial attitudes and antisocial associates are among the better predictors of antisocial behavior. This study tests the predictive validity of the Measures of Criminal Attitudes and Associates (MCAA) in a sample of adult male offenders. The MCAA comprises two parts: Part A is a quantified self-report measure of criminal friends, and Part B contains four attitude scales: Violence, Entitlement, Antisocial Intent, and Associates. The MCAA scales showed predictive validity for the outcomes of general and violent recidivism. In addition, the MCAA significantly improved the prediction of violent recidivism over an actuarial risk assessment instrument alone. Discussion centers on the contribution that antisocial attitudes and associates make to risk assessment.

Key Words: attitudes • associates • violence • offender prediction


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[Abstract] [PDF]