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Criminal Justice and Behavior
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The Impact of Implicit Stereotyping on Offender Profiling

Unexpected Results From an Observational Study of Shoplifting

Dean A. Dabney

Georgia State University

Laura Dugan

University of Maryland

Volkan Topalli

Georgia State University

Richard C. Hollinger

University of Florida

Much debate centers on the use of offender profiling as a technique to differentiate criminals from law-abiding citizens. Profiling advocates argue that it is appropriate to reference past experiences and information about known offenders to identify behavioral and demographic correlates that can then be applied to a given population of offenses or offenders. The viability of this argument rests on the assumption that past experiences and information about known offenders are free of bias. Data from an observational study of shoplifting are analyzed to assess this assumption systematically. Results indicate that trained observers, when allowed to deviate from a clearly specified random selection protocol, oversampled shoppers on the basis of race, gender, and perceived age, thus misrepresenting these factors as predictors of shoplifting behavior. Implications for the training of law enforcement and loss prevention officers are discussed.

Key Words: profiling • shoplifting • implicit stereotyping • offender profiling • stereotyping

Criminal Justice and Behavior, Vol. 33, No. 5, 646-674 (2006)
DOI: 10.1177/0093854806288942


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Criminal Justice and Behavior, January 1, 2009; 36(1): 77 - 88.
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Criminal Justice and BehaviorHome page
G. E. Higgins, S. L. Gabbidon, and K. L. Jordan
Examining the Generality of Citizens' Views on Racial Profiling in Diverse Situational Contexts
Criminal Justice and Behavior, December 1, 2008; 35(12): 1527 - 1541.
[Abstract] [PDF]