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Criminal Justice and Behavior
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Self-Report Measures of Psychopathy, Antisocial Personality, and Criminal Lifestyle

Testing and Validating a Two-Dimensional Model

Glenn D. Walters

Federal Correctional Institution, Schuylkill, Pennsylvania, gwalters{at}bop.gov

This article reports results from five studies. Exploratory factor analysis was used to select indicators from the Psychological Inventory of Criminal Thinking Styles, Levenson Self-Report Psychopathy scales, and Personality Assessment Inventory—Antisocial Features Scale. The 10 indicators were subjected to confirmatory factor analysis, the results of which show that the two-dimensional model (proactive, reactive) achieves significantly better fit than a general one-factor model and a two-factor social learning model (criminal thinking, antisocial behavior) with 521 medium-security and 116 maximum-security inmates. The construct validity of the two-dimensional model is confirmed in a path analysis pairing (a) proactive scales with positive outcome expectancies for crime and (b) reactive scales with hostile attribution biases. Implications for a unified theory of aggression and criminality are discussed.

Key Words: Personality Assessment Inventory • Levenson Self-Report Psychopathy • Psychological Inventory of Criminal Thinking Styles • proactive • reactive

This version was published on December 1, 2008

Criminal Justice and Behavior, Vol. 35, No. 12, 1459-1483 (2008)
DOI: 10.1177/0093854808320922
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