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Criminal Justice and Behavior
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Gendered Pathways

A Quantitative Investigation of Women Probationers' Paths to Incarceration

Emily J. Salisbury

Portland State University, salisbury{at}pdx.edu

Patricia Van Voorhis

University of Cincinnati

Although qualitative research in the area of gender-responsive offending pathways has grown extensively, little quantitative work has been conducted. This study utilizes interview and survey data to assess various gender-responsive needs with an intake cohort of 313 women probationers. Using a path analytic approach, the study statistically supported three gendered pathways to women offenders' incarceration: (a) a pathway beginning with childhood victimization that contributed to historical and current forms of mental illness and substance abuse; (b) a relational pathway in which women's dysfunctional intimate relationships facilitated adult victimization, reductions in self-efficacy, and current mental illness and substance abuse; and (c) a social and human capital pathway in which women's challenges in the areas of education, family support, and self-efficacy, as well as relationship dysfunction, contributed to employment/financial difficulties and subsequent imprisonment. Support for such gendered pathways has implications for both criminological explanations of female offending and correctional interventions for women.

Key Words: gendered criminal pathways • women offenders

Criminal Justice and Behavior, Vol. 36, No. 6, 541-566 (2009)
DOI: 10.1177/0093854809334076
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